![]() So we must apply the variable "living alone, living together with a partner," rather than "being married, not being married." In Norway, as in Scandinavia generally, many couples live together in stable relationships without being married. Our hypothesis was that there are more PDs among those living in the inner city and those living alone. We chose education as the best measure because low income is so easily a direct consequence of psychiatric disabilities. As is the case with other psychiatric disorders, we believe that PDs are more common among those with lower socioeconomic status. We expected more PDs among younger individuals, especially higher frequencies of antisocial and borderline PDs. From earlier studies, especially clinical samples, our hypotheses were that women are more likely to have a borderline, histrionic, or dependent PD, while men are more likely to have an antisocial, schizoid, or obsessive-compulsive PD. We sought to establish the prevalence of the specific PDs and study the demographic correlates. The present study was an attempt to examine a relatively representative, large sample from the common population. Two studies have applied self-report questionnaires.% 11, 14 Only 6 of the studies have used structured interviews.% 10, 12, 13, 16 - 18 Two studies have simply applied clinical interviews,% 9, 15 thus obtaining the most deviant prevalence. The samples are also small, varying from 133 to 799 individuals, with a median of 302 individuals. ![]() The main limitation of the previous studies is that the samples are not representative of the population at large. The prevalence of any PD varies between 5.9 and 22.5, with a median prevalence of 11.1 and a pooled prevalence of 12.47. The studies show a wide variation of prevalences of all as well as of the specific PDs. One study has tried to estimate the frequency of borderline PD using the DIS.% 8Īs to studies of the whole realm of PDs, Table 1 presents an overview of the prevalence of these disorders. As the structured Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS)% 1 contains questions pertaining to the antisocial PD, it has been studied in epidemiological studies of symptom disorders.% 2 - 6 An attempt has also been made to arrive at estimates of the prevalence of obsessive-compulsive% 3 and histrionic% 7 PDs in such studies. IN CONTRAST to symptom disorders, few epidemiological studies of personality disorders (PDs) have been conducted to establish their prevalence. ![]() It is impossible to determine what is cause and what is consequence from a cross-sectional study. Personality disorders tend to be more frequent among single individuals from the lower socioeconomic classes in the center of the city. The prevalence of PDs was highest among subjects with only a high school education or less, and living without a partner in the center of the city.Ĭonclusions Personality disorders were found to be prevalent, with avoidant, schizoid, and paranoid PDs more common, and borderline PD less common than what is usually reported. Results The prevalence of PDs was 13.4% (SE, 0.7). The subjects were interviewed primarily at home, but in some instances, also at the clinic. Information about PDs was obtained by means of the Structured Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders, in conjunction with an interview recording demographic data. Methods A representative sample of 2053 individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years in Oslo, the capital of Norway, was studied from 1994 to 1997. Shared Decision Making and Communicationīackground To our knowledge, no previous studies of personality disorders (PDs) in a large representative sample of the common population have been conducted.Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine. ![]() Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment.Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience.Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography.
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